Prophecy in Eveline by James Joyce Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Prophecy in Eveline by James Joyce - Essay Example This may be a prophetic utterance that signals the inability that Eveline displays in following her decision through to its very end. She is unable to take a strong and firm decision as to whether she wants to leave with Frank or stay on with her family. This inability to take a firm decision is then indicative of the modernist inertia that anticipates a painful end to any enterprise that would provide one with happiness. Happiness is then looked upon as a manifestation of meaning that would not be possible according to the modernist ethos. This would be an expression of the ultimate fate that befalls Eveline. Happiness for her is only something that lies in the anticipation. Even this is tinged with pain and the completion of pain is what eventually results. This impossibility of happiness is what the author is highlighting through the prophetic nature of the dialogue that Eveline’s mother utters. The nature of the dialogue also then needs to be analyzed and looked into. The dialogue has been a source of constant bafflement to critics through the ages. The language, which is most probably Irish, is one that Joyce frequently refers to. This is because of the fact that Ireland at this point of time was colonized by England and its language had, as a result, suffered a great deal. Joyce’s articulation is pessimistic in anticipating and conflating the fates of both the language and the protagonist of the story, Eveline. The language and the fact that many would not be able to understand its literal meaning, let alone the connotations of it, also points to the fact that the end the story would not offer an easy resolution. The resolution then is something that is foretold and in this prophecy of doom, there is a great deal of pessimism that Joyce is trying to articulate. This articulation then becomes one that indicates the modernist predicament- one that recognizes the inad equacy of language but still attempts to convey meaning through it. The story â€Å"Eveline† is a part of the collection Dubliners.

Research by the clinical operations and programs division Proposal

By the clinical operations and programs division - Research Proposal Example The range of the number of surveys that have been carried out is between almost 3500 to 4500 employees. This report aims at analysing the research and to gain a better perspective on the theories of performance related pay and its affects. One of the common factors those interest employees, employers and the government equally is the most essential element of employment - Pay. Pay affects the employers because it is an expense borne by the business and employee performance matters a lot to the business. Also this factor affects the employer's ability to recruit and retain labour force of quality. Employees are affected by pay as it is the only source of income it also sets the standard of living and measures a value for the performance and value of service. Lastly the government is affected by this since it directly affects the macro economic stability like employment, social economic development, inflation etc. There are a number of different basis on which pay to an individual is decided. One of the oldest forms of pay is Performance Related Pay this is discussed in detail in the next few parts. Performance Related Pay refers to pay scheme used to measure individual performance in the company (Monks, 1997). It can a lso be used to measure group or organisational performance. The main objectives of introduction of performance related pay were to increase motivation in employees to perform better, increase the self esteem of employees, provide better understanding of the job description and functions, create better communication amongst the participants, encourage employees to be self motivated, and help improve the institutional manpower planning. (Mohrman, Resnick-West & Lawler, 1989). Also performance related pay helps to contribute to overall performance and productivity, along with motivating employee to work better by linking the pay to the achievements of target rather than the length of service. It also helps recognise the achievements of individuals and identifies the under performers, thus creating fairness in pay (Monks, 1997). It was noted that performance related pay has proved to be useful for managerial staff since it allows them to be able to set goals that need to be achieved. Th is makes them motivated to work towards the goals as performance related pay ensures them of a reward on achievement of the goals. The principle of relating pay and performance has been very useful and has acted as a good motivator (Kessler, 1994). Linking of performance and pay is mainly based on Improved Motivation. Famous authors and researchers like Lawler, Porter, and Vroom have pioneered psychological theories of expectancy. The theory should a simple relationship between the efforts put in by an employee, the rewards, the motivation of the employee and the possibility of gaining if the required

The Four PS: Product, price, place and promotion

The Four PS: Product, price, place and promotion The application of the marketing mix known as the four Ps product, price, place and promotion has been introduced over the past decades and has become widely recognized in the concept of marketing course today (McCarthy, 1971). These marketing mix elements are the key decisions areas that marketers must manage in order to aid the exchange or transfer goods, services to satisfy customer needs better than competition. A well defined definition by the American Marketing Association states that: â€Å"Marketing is the process of planning and executing the conception, pricing, promotion and distribution of ideas, goods and services to create exchange that satisfy individual and organizational objectives† (Bennett,1995). Conversely, certain academics have argued that this view of marketing have become outdated for use in the 21st century today and is only relevant to certain organizations (Hakansson et al, 1982). Success cannot arise exclusively from the elements of marketing mix but indeed by building long term relationship between the buyer and seller (Ford et al, 1986). As reported by Gronroos (1990), marketing mix approach is considered to be too limited. Hence, this has a led a discussions towards a paradigm shift where new approaches have been emerging in the marketing research focusing on the importance of customer retention, market economies and customer relationship economies. The aim of this essay is to critically assess whether the application of marketing mix is still relevant for contemporary approach to marketing today. To do this, new approaches towards the paradigm shift will be critically evaluated with support to reference of the literature and personal views on the understanding of the content. Lastly, a conclusion will be given on the summary of the essay. Towards a Paradigm Shift in Marketing: Although marketing mix is the foundation of most introductory textbooks, it is an incomplete framework for marketing today. As reported by Nichols and Woods (1997), 4 Ps misleads the theory of marketing that they are all that marketing requires. The main problem for this approach is the lack of coordination and cooperation across departments and functions. This result in low levels of business performance and low levels of customer satisfaction. As reported by Popovic (2006), the concept of 4 Ps is criticized as being a production-oriented definition of marketing and not customer-orientated. Moller (2006) have supported Popovic view and criticized that marketing mix does not consider on consumer behavior, does not allow interaction and capture relationships, works primarily as a simplistic device focusing the attention of management and it does not offer help for personification of marketing activities. This has led to a new paradigm shift on the focus of services and relationship ma rketing. Certain academics have suggested that the 4 Ps of marketing mix should be expanded depending on the context in which they are being used (e.g., Kotler and Bloom 1984; Shapiro 1985; Booms and Bitner 1981: Renaghan 1981). According to Booms and Bitner (1981), he proposed an idea of an expanded marketing mix for general use by service organizations. The expanded mix includes the new ones like physical evidence where the environment in which the service is assembled and where the firm and customer interact, people where all human actors play a part in the service delivery and thus influence the buyers perceptions and process where the actual procedures and flow of activities by which the service is delivered. The new mix variables will influence customer whether or not their marketing impact is appreciated and managed. Thus, in order to draw attention to them as variables of equal importance than traditional mix elements, the services marketing mix gave each of the new variables its own place. This was not meant to imply that the new variables are independent of the traditional mix elements, but rather that they are of expressed importance to service firm managers and therefore deserving focused attention in services marketing planning. However, in addition to the general criticism of the marketing mix, the specific concept of an expanded mix for services has also been criticized. Over the years, a number of writers have sought to enhance the four Ps by adding other items that they believed were critical to marketing management. Several writers have included research as an essential marketing management activity and even assigned it the alliterative nomenclature of â€Å"Probing† (Borden and Marshall 1959; Traynor 1985). Other elements suggested for inclusion into the marketing mix are Packaging (Patty 1997) and People (Baker 1997). It has also been suggested that the list be expanded to include â€Å"personnel, physical facilities, and process management† (Magrath 1986). One writer went so far as to suggest that as many as 12 â€Å"Ps† be included in the array of marketing variables (Johnson 1986). While each advocate for adding to the four Ps has championed that particular addition, none has made a persuasive case that the addition is essential to the exchange process or the creation of long-term elationships. Although none of the additions to the four Ps has had widespread acceptance, they do present a confused recipe to the student in some introductory Relationship marketing attempts to establish, develop, enhance and maintain relationships and involve people over the long term so that they are loyal and supportive of the organization. This results in a stronger link between the internal processes and the needs of customers, resulting in higher levels of customer satisfaction. It is one of the most leading new approaches to marketing which has entered the marketing literature (Gronroos, C., 1992). Today, most firms are moving towards this approach in order to be more creative, innovative, and cost-effective for retaining and building loyalty with their customers. This approach is to be known as the biggest shift in the development of marketing. One element of relationship marketing is the â€Å"promise† concept (Calonius., H, 1988). Organizations that fulfill promises will generally attract new customers. If promises are not fulfilled, the evolving relationships between the buyer and seller cannot be enhanced and maintained. It is a means of achieving customer satisfaction, retention of the customer base, and long term profitability (Reichheld, F.E., 1990). Another key element is trust where there has to be belief in the other partner trustworthiness that results from the expertise and reliability of that partner. Both these factors are vital in a form of relationship marketing as it strengthens the bond and helps avoid dissatisfaction. Relationship marketing is still seen in its infancy as a mainstream marketing concept, although it has established itself as a primary paradigm in industrial and services marketing. Kotler (1992) is of the view that â€Å"what we are witnessing today is a movement away from a focus on exchange in the narrow sense of transaction toward a focus building value laden relationship and marketing networks. It is all about how to hold our existing customers.† This is probably due to the global economic meltdown as firms are fighting for survival. Our thinking is therefore moving from a marketing mix focus to a relationship focus (Webster, Jr, F.E., 1992). As according to CRM today site, relationship marketing fails to captures the true change in the nature of network-enabled marketing exchanges. Relationship marketing makes the implicit assumption that firms creates and manage relationships, while customers play a passive role in the relationships. This assumption is no longer valid in the networked world of business. Customers are beginning to play anactive role in managing relationships. Value in marketing exchanges is no longer created by firms and delivered to customers. Rather, customers are becoming co-creators of value by participating directly in the marketing process. As customers contribute their expertise, time, and resources in marketing exchanges, we are witnessing the emergence of collaborative marketing. Collaborative marketing as the process of working together with customers to create value in marketing exchanges. Relationship marketing requires firms to think about relating to customers. In contrast, collaborative ma rketing requires firms to think about collaborating with customers and making customers an integral part of the firms marketing activities. In collaborative marketing, the network becomes the enabler of collaborative exchanges, which go beyond relational exchanges because they involve reciprocal dependence and maximization of mutual benefits. For instance, Procter Gamble has created the PG Advisors program to collaborate with customers in developing new products. Customers try new products and provide feedback, allowing PG to refine products and marketing plans. Before using the Internet, PG would spend $25,000 to test a new product concept, and it would take two months to complete the test. Now, PG can do the same test at a cost of $2,500 and get results in two weeks. PG is also using the Internet to take these new products to market. For example, in launching its Physique hair care products, PG invited consumers to register on its Physique.com Web site to sample the new products. Within 12 weeks, more than 5 million consumers visited the site, giving a strong start to the product launch. Similarly, the pharmaceutical giant Eli Lilly has created a Web-based community called Innocentive, which has attracted 7,000 research scientists to work with the company to solve chemistry problems in return for cash bounties. This is an astounding number, considering that Lilly has only 300 such scientists on its payroll. Lilly plans to create communities of researchers who can collaborate with each other and with the company to solve difficult research problems. Firms that harness the power of collaborative marketing will be able to extend their enterprise downstream all the way to their end-customers and take their customer relationships to a higher level. This shows that organizations today are already moving towards this new approach and not just focusing on the product/services they offer, but providing a long term relationship with customers focusing on value. My considered opinion is that in todays troubled economic scenario this is perhaps the best resource for firms who have an existing customer loyalty base and therefore the need of retention is of primary concern. In contrast, some academics disagree on these researchers who attack on the meaning, philosophy and importance of the marketing mix approach. They feel that marketing mix is still valid and helpful in all industries such as service and manufacturing. If a company does not have the right price, product/service quality, promotion and place or any other right marketing mix elements, it cannot create or achieve the right relationship with a customer. The right marketing and relationship mix offers a company a good opportunity to create a good total relationship with existing and potential customers (Zineldin, 2000). Practionners of management and marketing still believe in the validity of 4Ps. Give them the freedom to believe and improve, reconsider and renew the temple instead of destroying it. Indeed, companies have to use the 4ps to create customer relationships. Relationship marketing combines elements of general advertising, sales, promotions, public relations and direct marketing t o create more effective and more efficient ways of reaching customers. It centers on developing a continuous relationship with customers across a family of related products (Copulsky and Wolf, 1990). The modern relationship movement leads organizations back to the pre-twentieth century with the global scale of the twenty first century through the 1960s (Borden 12 Ps and Kotler 4 Ps). Relationship marketing is not a new discovery but a re-discovery. The conclusion we draw that the paradigm shift is far from being dominant since ‘Kotlersims concept of the 4ps is still dominating. There is no evidence that relationship marketing is to recognize the subtle changes in the business environment and to adapt to them. In the near future, the relationship marketing paradigm certainly will be a focal point of marketing research, thus positioning itself as a leading marketing focus not only in services marketing and industrial marketing but in most or all marketing situations.

My Cousin’s Funeral :: Personal Narrative Writing

My Cousin’s Funeral I dreamt once that I was in love with my cousin Rob Campbell. In the dream, he was rosy and cherubic. When we kissed, he was soft. In the morning, my lips remembered Rob’s kisses. I felt the sensation dancing quietly just above my skin, woven and brushed, like a cashmere sweater. I talked to my dad over instant messenger and told him that I had a dream that Rob was my lover. I didn’t want to tell him this, embarrassed, but something seemed to propel me forward. He typed his response, slowly. I waited. â€Å"That’s O.K,† the screen read. â€Å"I dreamed a lot about my brother when he died too.† My grandfather Hank died one day in my living room. He fell out of bed and called to my mom, singing on the night air, â€Å"Peggy, Peggy...† No one heard him until it was the cusp of dark and light. There was a moment when he died. He was a fountain of coagulation and mucus. He was very pale and his skin looked like a molded piece of white rubber. I was 16 but I felt like an infant in that moment when my grandfather took his last breath. At Rob’s visiting hours, there is a reception line. His mother and father and sister and brother stand up next to the casket. My dad and mom—his uncle and aunt—are up there too, along with my paternal grandparents and my dad’s brother Mark. I sit in the back with my brother and his wife and my boyfriend. I watch as the room fills with people. The line toward the casket is jumbled and when people first enter the room, they don’t see Rob. They see Debbie and Paul and Becky and Aaron first. Then, as the line straightens out, they see Rob, white and chalky. I watch as mouths open, lips quiver, eyes close, Rob’s apples jump, breaths halt. I feel bad watching their pain so I watch their hands instead. Hand to hand. Grasping hands of my dad and my grandfather. Strangers. Sweaty hands, clammy hands, nervous hands, sad hands. At one point, my grandmother leaves the receiving line. She is wearing the purple flowered dress from J.C. Penney that she wore to my high school graduation. â€Å"Susan, I’m glad James and I got the flu shot,† she whispers to me on her way to the bathroom.

Opinion of Macbeth Essay

Shakespeare wrote Macbeth in the 16th century as tribute to king James the first. At the start of the text king Duncan made me believe that anyone could be a good leader, Duncan effectively portrayed this idea because he put the needs of his country in front of his own. Throughout the text Shakespeare influenced my opinion to change when Macbeth came into power as he cared about no one but himself; Shakespeare influences re seen well through the techniques soliloquies, irony and contrast. King Duncan is a good leader whose only concern is his country. Macbeth is the thane of Glamis; he is an honorable warrior that has potential to be a good leader. He is described as a â€Å"peerless kinsmen† who doesn’t want to risk his status therefore avoids evil, the beginning of the novel makes me believe that anyone can be a good leader that is until the weird sisters foretell Macbeths prophesies one of which states that he is to be king. Macbeth’s unchecked ambition and persuasion from Lady Macbeth makes him peruse to kill Duncan and become the King of Scotland. Shakespeare effectively uses contrast to show the effect of ambition and evil on humans, the contrast between Duncan and Macbeth influenced me to change my opinion on the idea that anyone can be a good leader, Shakespeare does this by presenting Duncan as an excellent king, who is very trusting and gullible and although holding a lot of power in his hands he doesn’t abuse it and become corrupt by power, In contrast Shakespeare portrays Macbeth as an honorable warrior who would never stoop to murder, but Macbeths unchecked ambition drives him to battle with his conscious and in conclusion pursue to kill King Duncan. When Macbeth gains power over Scotland he becomes more callous and only cares for his own needs which in contrast is different to King Duncan who only cared for the needs of his country, at the end of the novel Macbeth is disillusioned â€Å"he has sold his soul for nothing†. This shows contrast between Duncan and Macbeth, Duncan being a good leader and Macbeth being a bloody tyrant. Shakespeare purpose of this contrast is to show that not anyone can be a good leader and that it takes a good person to actually be a good leader. After the death of Duncan, Macbeth looses all decency; he no longer consults with his wife who he describes as his partner in crime. He uses his power for his own benefit and not for his country this shows that he is callous and will kill anyone who gets in his way. Shakespeare uses soliloquies through out the text to reveal the inner workings of a characters mind; this technique shows that not anyone can be a good leader because in order to be a good leader your thoughts have to be affirmative with your actions. Macbeths thoughts are often completely different to what he is outwardly saying or doing this is seen when he claims to be Duncan’s loyal subject but secretly is plotting to execute him, he says â€Å"the bell invites me, hear it not, Duncan for it is a knell, that summons thee to heaven or to hell†. Another example of soliloquies is when Macbeth pretends to be Banquos friend when he says â€Å"fail it not our feast tonight† whilst in his mind he is delegating to get him killed. Throughout the text Shakespeare uses irony to show that some people are not suited to wield power, irony gives the audience insight on something that the characters don’t know, irony is well shown after the death of Duncan, when Macbeth pretends to be concerned and alarmed towards the death of Duncan this is seen when he says â€Å"Had I but dies an hour before this†, we as the audience are aware of his remorse and catch on to this double meaning. Soliloquies and irony intergrade effectively to show that Macbeth’s deceitful and twofaced nature prevents him from being a good leader because in order to be a good leader you must be honest and trustworthy, these are two traits that Macbeth doesn’t hold. Shakespeare purpose in this is to show that a leader cannot have uncheck ed ambition as this will drive them to turn to darkness in order to keep there power in hold. At the beginning of the text my opinion was that anyone can be a good leader, I came to this conclusion because Duncan was a good leader and Macbeth showed potential in becoming a good leader. Shakespeare influenced my opinion to change to, not anyone can be a good leader and in order to be a good leader you have to be a good person, Shakespeare did this through Macbeth though turned to darkness to gain power and then further abused his power by killing anyone who got in his way, in conclusion Macbeth becomes a  bloody tyrant who has no one to stand by him.

Richard Iii and Looking for Richard

Context results in historical and topical info around a certain point in literary work. Every text promotes values import. For indiv. And groups. RIII Wanted to prove legitimacy of Queen E’s rule- ’validity of her claim to throne’ –Divine right Context: Relatively peaceful, S makes R a devil and usurper to legitimise Eliz. Claim to throne. People were aware of RIII& Tudor’s overthrow of Platagenets, therefore play is dramatisation of actual events. Audience related to the values in the play-divine right, treatment and place of women, good&evil, religion.Nobles spoke in Iambic P, whilst servants spoke in rough prose, this was real, therefore made sense to the audience, everyone loved the theatre. â€Å"An honest tale speeds best, being plainly told† LFR grows from this, both demonstrate the intrinsic relationships between contexts and compositions of texts. King Richard III and Looking For Richard directly relate to historical and social conte xts respectively, social drawing on historical’s challenge to the context in which it was written.Shakespeare’s play was crafted in a difficult time of political and religious adherence. Shakespeare’s portrayal of Richard focuses on his devilish and Machiavellian nature. Machiavelli’s The Prince teaches that an adept ruler should aim to achieve power at any cost. Richard is a Machiavel; he calls himself a devil, ‘Thus like the formal Vice, Iniquity, I moralise two meanings in one word. ’ LFR ‘While some key values are explored, many are unique t the 1990’s’ The film and it’s immediacy & accessibility had replaced theatre, resulting in film.Ap’s perception was that cultural & societal obstacles prevented US from coming to appreciate Shakespeare. Scholars have made S seem too difficult-actors have impression that they can’t perform as well as their Eng. Counterparts. AP’s juxtaposition of the two texts and their contexts provided political insights into both time periods, and the autocratic/democratic societies. Critical reflections of ideologies. He presented autocratic nature of Eliz. society and questions whether Shak. could be democratised. Values are materialism and economism.